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What is reconnaissance in ethical hacking? This is the primary phase of hacking where the hacker tries to collect as much information as possible about the target.It includes identifying the target ip address range,network,domain,mail server records etc. They are of two types- Active Reconnaissance Passive Reconnaissance 1-Active Reconnaissance-It the process from which we directly interact with the computer system to gain information. This information can be relevant and accurate but there is a risk of getting detected if you are planning active reconnaissance without permission.if you are detected then the administration will take the severe action action against you it may be jail! Passive Reconnaissance-In this process you will not be directly connected to a computer system.This process is used to gather essential information without ever interacting with the target system.
Bob was tasked to break into XYZcorporation, so he pulled up the facility on google maps to see what the layout was. He was looking for any possible entry paths into the company headquarters. Online maps showed that the whole facility was surrounded by a security access gate. Not much else could be determined remotely so bob decided to take a drive to the facility and get a closer look.
Bob parked down the street in view of the entry gate. Upon arrival he noted the gate was un-manned and cars were rolling up to the gate typing in an access code or simply driving up to the gate as it opening automatically.Interestingly there was some kind of wireless technology in use.
How do we go from watching a car go through a gate, to having a physical device that opens the gate?
We will take a look at reversing a signal from an actual gate to program a remote with the proper RF signal.Learning how to perform these steps manually to get a better understanding of how RF remotes work in conjunction with automating processes with RFCrack.
In the the previous blogs, we sniffed signals and replayed them to perform actions. In this blog we are going to take a look at a signal and reverse it to create a physical device that will act as a replacement for the original device. Depending on the scenario this may be a better approach if you plan to enter the facility off hours when there is no signal to capture or you don't want to look suspicious.
Recon:
Lets first use the scanning functionality in RFCrack to find known frequencies. Weneed to understand the frequencies that gates usually use. This way we can set our scanner to a limited number of frequencies to rotate through. The smaller rage of frequencies used will provide a better chance of capturing a signal when a car opens the target gate. This would be beneficial if the scanning device is left unattended within a dropbox created with something like a Kali on a Raspberry Pi. One could access it from a good distance away by setting up a wifi hotspot or cellular connection.
Based on research remotes tend to use 315Mhz, 390Mhz, 433Mhz and a few other frequencies. So in our case we will start up RFCrack on those likely used frequencies and just let it run. We can also look up the FCID of our clicker to see what Frequencies manufactures are using. Although not standardized, similar technologies tend to use similar configurations. Below is from the data sheet located at https://fccid.io/HBW7922/Test-Report/test-report-1755584 which indicates that if this gate is compatible with a universal remote it should be using the 300,310, 315, 372, 390 Frequencies. Most notably the 310, 315 and 390 as the others are only on a couple configurations.
RFCrack Scanning:
Since the most used ranges are 310, 315, 390 within our universal clicker, lets set RFCrack scanner to rotate through those and scan for signals.If a number of cars go through the gate and there are no captures we can adjust the scanner later over our wifi connection from a distance.
Currently Scanning: 433000000 To cancel hit enter and wait a few seconds
Example of logging output:
From the above output you will see that a frequency was found on 390. However, if you had left this running for a few hours you could easily see all of the output in the log file located in your RFCrack/scanning_logs directory.For example the following captures were found in the log file in an easily parseable format:
Analyzing the signal to determine toggle switches:
Ok sweet, now we have a valid signal which will open the gate. Of course we could just replay this and open the gate, but we are going to create a physical device we can pass along to whoever needs entry regardless if they understand RF. No need to fumble around with a computer and look suspicious.Also replaying a signal with RFCrack is just to easy, nothing new to learn taking the easy route.
The first thing we are going to do is graph the capture and take a look at the wave pattern it creates. This can give us a lot of clues that might prove beneficial in figuring out the toggle switch pattern found in remotes. There are a few ways we can do this. If you don't have a yardstick at home you can capture the initial signal with your cheap RTL-SDR dongle as we did in the first RF blog. We could then open it in audacity. This signal is shown below.
Let RFCrack Plot the Signal For you:
The other option is let RFCrack help you out by taking a signal from the log output above and let RFCrack plot it for you.This saves time and allows you to use only one piece of hardware for all of the work.This can easily be done with the following command:
From the graph output we see 2 distinct crest lengths and some junk at either end we can throw away. These 2 unique crests correspond to our toggle switch positions of up/down giving us the following 2 possible scenarios using a 9 toggle switch remote based on the 9 crests above:
Possible toggle switch scenarios:
down down up up up down down down down
up up down down down up up up up
Configuring a remote:
Proper toggle switch configuration allows us to program a universal remote that sends a signal to the gate. However even with the proper toggle switch configuration the remote has many different signals it sends based on the manufacturer or type of signal.In order to figure out which configuration the gate is using without physically watching the gate open, we will rely on local signal analysis/comparison.
Programming a remote is done by clicking the device with the proper toggle switch configuration until the gate opens and the correct manufacturer is configured. Since we don't have access to the gate after capturing the initial signal we will instead compare each signal from he remote to the original captured signal.
Comparing Signals:
This can be done a few ways, one way is to use an RTLSDR and capture all of the presses followed by visually comparing the output in audacity. Instead I prefer to use one tool and automate this process with RFCrack so that on each click of the device we can compare a signal with the original capture. Since there are multiple signals sent with each click it will analyze all of them and provide a percent likelihood of match of all the signals in that click followed by a comparing the highest % match graph for visual confirmation. If you are seeing a 80-90% match you should have the correct signal match.
Note:Not every click will show output as some clicks will be on different frequencies, these don't matter since our recon confirmed the gate is communicating on 390Mhz.
In order to analyze the signals in real time you will need to open up your clicker and set the proper toggle switch settings followed by setting up a sniffer and live analysis with RFCrack:
Open up 2 terminals and use the following commands:
#Setup a sniffer on 390mhz Setup sniffer:python RFCrack.py -k -c -f 390000000.
#Monitor the log file, and provide the gates original signal Setup Analysis: python RFCrack.py -c -u 1f0fffe0fffc01ff803ff007fe0fffc1fff83fff07ffe0007c -n.
Cmd switches used
-k = known frequency
-c = compare mode
-f = frequency
-n = no yardstick needed for analysis
Make sure your remote is configured for one of the possible toggle configurations determined above. In the below example I am using the first configuration, any extra toggles left in the down position: (down down up up up down down down down)
Analyze Your Clicks:
Now with the two terminals open and running click the reset switch to the bottom left and hold till it flashes. Then keep clicking the left button and viewing the output in the sniffing analysis terminal which will provide the comparisons as graphs are loaded to validate the output.If you click the device and no output is seen, all that means is that the device is communicating on a frequency which we are not listening on.We don't care about those signals since they don't pertain to our target.
At around the 11th click you will see high likelihood of a match and a graph which is near identical. A few click outputs are shown below with the graph from the last output with a 97% match.It will always graph the highest percentage within a click.Sometimes there will be blank graphs when the data is wacky and doesn't work so well. This is fine since we don't care about wacky data.
You will notice the previous clicks did not show even close to a match, so its pretty easy to determine which is the right manufacture and setup for your target gate. Now just click the right hand button on the remote and it should be configured with the gates setup even though you are in another location setting up for your test.
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.05
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.12
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.20
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.19
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.25
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.93
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.93
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.97
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.90
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.88
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.44
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
Graph Comparison Output for 97% Match:
Conclusion:
You have now walked through successfully reversing a toggle switch remote for a security gate. You took a raw signal and created a working device using only a Yardstick and RFCrack.This was just a quick tutorial on leveraging the skillsets you gained in previous blogs in order to learn how to analyzeRF signals within embedded devices. There are many scenarios these same techniques could assist in.We also covered a few new features in RF crack regarding logging, graphing and comparing signals.These are just a few of the features which have been added since the initial release. For more info and other features check the wiki.
La Planeación y Control de la Producción es una función crucial en el proceso de la manufactura. Eliminar fallas, errores y costos de administración en la producción lo ayudará a mejorar la rentabilidad de su empresa ¡No pierda esta oportunidad de actualizarse y conocer los sistemas de producción en el nuevo ambiente de negocios!
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Since the last Connector, the Foundation has seen an extremely positive response to hosting a Global AppSec conference in Tel Aviv. The event was well attended with great speakers and training, furthering our mission to improving software security on a global level.
Next up we have a Global AppSec conference in both Amsterdam and Washington DC. We have migrated away from the regional naming convention so in previous years these events would have been Europe and US. Planning for both events is well underway with some excellent keynotes being lined up. We hope you can join us at these conferences.
As part of our community outreach, the Board and volunteers will be at BlackHat and DEFCON in Las Vegas next month. The Board will have a two-day workshop two days before the conference, but during the conference will look to talk to and collaborate with as many of the community as possible. We are really looking forward to this.
It is that time of the year again, the global Board of Directors nominations are now open. There are four seats up for re-election: mine (Owen), Ofer, Sherif, and Chenxi. I would ask those who would like to help drive the strategic direction of the Foundation to step forward. If you are not interested in running, why not submit questions to those who are running.
Recently the Executive Director has put forward a new initiative to change the way in which we utilize our funds in achieving our mission. The aim here is to have one pot of money where there will be fewer restrictions to chapter expenses. Funds will be provided to all, albeit as long as they are reasonable. The Board sees this as a positive step in our community outreach.
Finally, I would like to ask those who are interested in supporting the Foundation, reach out to each Board member about assisting in one of the following strategic goals, as set out by the board at the start of the year:
Marketing the OWASP brand
Membership benefits
Developer outreach
Improve benefits
Decrease the possibility of OWASP losing relevance
Reaching out to management and Risk levels
Increase involvement in new tech/ ways of doing things – dev-ops
Project focus
Get Universities involved
Practicum sponsored ideas
Internships
Improve finances
Improve OWASP/ Board of Directors Perception
Process improvement
Get consistent Executive Director support
Community empowerment
Thanks and best wishes, Owen Pendlebury, Vice Chair
Change: If we change nothing, how could we expect to be in a different place a year from now? It has been truly a pleasure these first six months as your Interim Executive Director and I look forward to many years to come. Everyone has done a great job helping me see our opportunities and challenges. And the challenges are real - both internally and our position in the infosec community. I'm biased toward action.
My first task has been to redesign and optimize our operations. This will help staff to be more responsive while also saving the funds donated to the Foundation for our work on projects and chapters. This will also mean changes for you too. Communities work better when everyone always assumes we are all operating with the best of intentions. I can assure you that is the case of our Board, leaders, and staff. Evaluate our changes through this view and we'll save time and our collective sanity.
One big project that is coming to life is our new website. We will soon be entering our 20th year and we needed to not just refresh the look but completely retool it for the next 20 years. We are rebuilding it from the ground up and we can't wait to share our progress. Over the next month or so we will be sharing more information on that project. Stay tuned!
Mike McCamon, Interim Executive Director
OWASP FOUNDATION UPDATE FROM EVENTS DIRECTOR:
OWASP is pleased to announce our newest staff member, Sibah Poede will be joining us as the Events Coordinator and will begin full-time on 1 July.
Sibah is a graduate of London South Bank University where she received a BA (Hons) Marketing Management. Prior to that, she gained a diploma in Market & Economics at the Copenhagen Business School, Neil's Brock, Denmark. After graduation, she launched her career in London working with Hilton International hotels at the Conference and Events department. She eventually moved on to work with Kaplan International Colleges in the marketing department. Later, she joined Polyglobe Group, and then Uniglobe within the travel sector, where she was involved in global exhibitions and events, account management and sales.
She has lived in Denmark, Nigeria, Switzerland, and currently lives in London. In her spare time, she enjoys traveling and learning new cultures. She is also part of the Soup Kitchen Muswell Hill, a charity organization involved in feeding the homeless. Please join us in welcoming Sibah to the team.
Emily Berman Events Director
As many of you are aware, the OWASP Foundation has a Meetup Pro account. We are requesting that all Chapters, Projects, Committees, and any other OWASP Meetup pages be transferred to the OWASP Foundation account.
OWASP Foundation will be the Organizer of the Group and all Leaders/Administrators will be Co-Organizers with the same edit rights.
Once the Meetup page is transferred to our account, the Foundation will be funding the cost of the Meetup page. If you do not want to continue being charged for your Meetup subscription account, you should then cancel it. Thereafter no Chapter, Project, etc. will be billed for Meetup. Going forward the Foundation will no longer approve any reimbursement requests for Meetup.
Project Reviews from Global AppSec Tel Aviv 2019 are still being worked on. Thank you to the reviewers that helped with it. If you have time to help finalize the reviews, please contact me (harold.blankenship@owasp.com) and let me know.
We continue to push forward with Google Summer of Code. First and student evaluations are past and we are in our third work period. Final evaluations are due 19th August!
The Project Showcase at Global AppSec DC 2019 is shaping up to be a fantastic track. Please note the following schedule.
A special shout out to project co-leader Matt Seil, and major contributors Jeremiah Stacey and Dave Wichers for their ongoing invaluable assistance in this effort. -- Kevin Wall, ESAPI project co-lead OWASP ESAPI wiki page and the GitHub project page.
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